Die Malnutrition stellt eine der großen gesundheitspolitischen Herausforderungen in
der Altersmedizin dar. Man geht davon aus, dass etwa 15 % der Betagten, die noch zu
Hause leben, eine Malnutrition aufweisen. Diese Zahl steigt bei Akuthospitalisationen
auf 40-50 % an, bei Bewohnern von Langzeitpflegestrukturen noch höher. Wenn die Fehlernährung
mit konsekutivem Übergewicht (metabolisches Syndrom) bis zum ca. 65. Lebensjahr sehr
häufig ist, so verkehrt sich dies beim Betagten und speziell Hochbetagten (> 80 Jahre)
ins Gegenteil.
Auch die mit der im Alter oft bestehenden Multimorbidität einhergehende Polymedikation
ist ein spezielles Problemfeld. Viele psychotrope Substanzen führen zu einer Verminderung
der Speichelsekretion mit konsekutiv ausgetrockneten Mundschleimhäuten. Antibiotikatherapien
verursachen nicht selten Pilzinfektionen und viele Medikamente verändern die Geschmacksempfindung.
Veränderungen und Pathologien im Mundbereich sind praktisch obligat, wenn nicht spezifisch
präventiv vorgegangen wird. Ohne einen gut funktionierenden Kauapparat wird meist
zu wenig und qualitativ nicht ausgewogen gegessen. Gerade für eine an Eiweißen ausgewogene
und an Antioxidanzien reiche Diät ist ein intakter Kauapparat Voraussetzung.
Malnutrition in the elderly is a big health but also a health-economic challenge in
Geriatrics. Around 15 % of independently living elderly persons show signs of malnutrition,
a number rising up to 40-50 % for those in acute-care hospitals, even aggravated for
elderly living in longterm-care facilities. Whereas overweight due to nutritional
problems and a consequent metabolic syndrome comprises a frequent problem up to the
age of 65 years, this situation reverses in the old and especially the „oldest old”
(> 80 years of age).
Polymedication as a consequence of multimorbidity in the aged can pose specific problems
for Gerostomatology. Hyposalivation due to psychtropic drugs with subsequent xerostomia
is not rare. Mycotic infections due to antibiotic therapies as well as drug-induced
dysgeusia are also frequent. Alterations and pathologies within the oral cavity are
nearly omnipresent if not specifically tackled by preventive measures. Without a functioning
mastication system, an adequate and well-balanced nutritional intake is nearly impossible.
Espcecially a protein-rich food intake and a diet rich in anti-oxidants is dependent
on functioning teeth or dentures.
Key Words
Malnutrition - Age - Sarcopenia - Functionality - Assessment
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Korrespondenzadresse
Prof. Dr. med. Cornel Christian Sieber
Lehrstuhl für Innere Medizin - Geriatrie
Institut für Biomedizin des Alterns
Friedrich-Alexander-Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg
Prof. Ernst-Nathan-Str. 1
90419 Nürnberg
Email: cornel.sieber@klinikum-nuernberg.de